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Coumarins and furanocoumarins have been reported to exert antimicrobial activity against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as certain fungi and yeasts [ 35]. A recent study reported the antimicrobial properties of BP and some other related compounds such as psoralen, 7-hydroxycoumarin, and 7-methoxycoumarin isolated from the crude extract of Treculia obovoidea N.E.Br. against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and three Candida species. Most of the tested components demonstrated selective antimicrobial action, thereby making them potential candidates in the management of bacterial and fungal diseases [ 36]. Among the different compounds, the three-cycle coumarins such as BP have more pronounced inhibitory effects than the two-cycle coumarins.
The sensual scent of Lacura Lady Pour Femme boasts dark notes of sandalwood and tonka bean that complement undertones of orange blossom and Bulgarian rose. Escentric Molecules perfume dupe Aldi Atom The inflammatory response is a mechanism that is activated to protect the body from injury and infection and to restore the physiological structure and function of tissues [ 26]. Excessive and uncontrolled inflammation is associated with the development of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or inflammatory bowel disease [ 27]. Various coumarins including BP have been found to show anti-inflammatory properties comparable to those of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [ 28]. Bergamot oil is one of the most commonly used ingredients in perfumery. [17] It is prized for its ability to combine with an array of scents to form a bouquet of aromas that complement each other. [18] Bergamot is a major component of the original Eau de Cologne composed by Jean-Marie Farina at the beginning of the 18th century in Germany. The first use of bergamot oil as a fragrance ingredient was recorded in 1714, and can be found in the Farina Archive in Cologne.
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Bergamot is generally thought to be safe for most people, but it can depend on the way you take it. 16,17 Bergamot oil can be used for bathing, inhaled or applied directly to the skin. You might experience different side effects depending on how you choose to use it.
BP was detected in the plasma at 2 min and reached maximum plasma concentrations between 3 and 4.5 h after ingestion, suggesting that its absorption occurs in the early stages of the digestion. Likewise, duplication of the plasma concentration was noted when comparing the samples of the group administered with the low and medium concentrations. However, the same behavior was not observed for the medium and high administrations, suggesting a saturable first-pass effect [ 9]. Fifty-four elementary school teachers from three different schools were enrolled. Possible asthma, hypertension, or heart disease patients were excluded. The reason to exclude asthma is that aromatherapy spray may induce asthma, so the items excluded in this experimental study on asthma patients. Furthermore, many studies indicate that heart rate variability is closely related to heart disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure, so the subjects with heart disease and hypertension are also excluded from this study. Another of the potential therapeutic effects of BP derives from its hypoglycemic and hypolipemic activity.Similar results were obtained by Hönigsmann et al. [ 62], in a study carried out using psoriatic and nonpsoriatic subjects (Honigsmann, 1979 #17). In this clinical trial, the used doses of BP did not cause the adverse effects related to 8-MOP such as erythema, blistering, and pruritus [ 62] (Honigsmann, 1979 #17). BP also showed a notable effectiveness and tolerance in the photochemotherapy of mycosis fungoides either alone or in combination with retinoic acid [ 35]. The bioavailability of natural compounds is a key parameter that must be taken into account before considering their potential health effects [ 75, 76]. The rate and extent of absorption through oral administration are dependent on several factors such as individual gastrointestinal conditions, galenic formulation, fed/fasted state of the recipient, and the time of day that it is administrated [ 77, 78]. On lifting the lid, the woody scent is rich and intense, reminiscent of a high quality luxury aftershave. A recent study showed that BP suppresses osteoclastogenesis (OC) in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) and RAW264.7 cells by specifically inhibiting the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK), induced nuclear factor κB (NF- κB), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling [ 55]. BP also inhibited the activation of the nuclear factor-activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) and c-fos transcription factors influencing the expression of genes in osteoblasts and osteoclasts linked to differentiation and bone resorption. The authors concluded that BP can be used as an alternative treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Mannucci, C.; Navarra, M.; Calapai, F.; Squeri, R.; Gangemi, S.; Calapai, G. (2017). "Clinical pharmacology of Citrus bergamia: A systematic review". Phytotherapy Research. 31 (1): 27–39. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5734. PMID 27747942. S2CID 12136775.Therefore, bergamot essential oil is used in this study, with the aid of a sprayer for aromatherapy. Many essential oils have sedating effect, such as bergamot, lavender, chamomile, and other essential oils [ 5]. However, chamomile was at a high price, and lavender odor was irritating and allergic to part of the subjects. Therefore, bergamot essential oil was chosen in this study.
They also had lower levels of corticosterone in their bodies, which is the animal version of the stress hormone, cortisol. Bergamot is characterised by its aromatic scent, which is often described as floral, zesty and tart, and very much similar to the smell of other citrus fruits. Because of this, and the fact it has a spicy edge to it, it features heavily in perfumes, especially because it works well alongside the likes of rosemary, sandalwood, jasmine and vetiver. 6 What is bergamot oil? Scientists have found that bergamot might protect the joints in people taking aromatase inhibitors as part of cancer treatment. More research is needed. Various studies have examined the phototoxic activity of furanocoumarins in different experimental models including fungi, green algae, bacteria, laboratory animals, and cultured human skin systems [ 28]. One study investigated the phototoxic effects of bergamot oil and BP in the skin of guinea pig exposed to monochromatic UV light [ 41]. The number of sunburn cells in the interfollicular epidermis (SBCs) was significantly increased when the skin was treated with bergamot oil or BP along with UVA radiation but not after the treatment with UVA alone, evidencing the photosensitizer effects of bergamot oil or BP.
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Immobility in the open-field test in male Wistar rats after systemic (i.p.) administration of Tween80 in saline + jojoba oil (CTR), FLZ (3 mg/kg) + jojoba oil (FLZ), Tween80 in saline + BEO (BEO), and FLZ (3 mg/kg) + BEO (FLZ + BEO). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of seconds ( n = 5 per group). , vs. CTR group (one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). Citrus bergamia, the bergamot orange (pronounced / ˈ b ɜːr ɡ ə m ɒ t/), is a fragrant citrus fruit the size of an orange, with a yellow or green colour similar to a lime, depending on ripeness. In another study, the combination of BP and UVA was found to induce melanogenesis in S91 murine melanoma cells and normal human melanocytes [ 44]. The melanogenesis induced by the combined effects of BP and UVA was associated with an increase in the expression of tyrosinase. In normal melanocytes but not in murine melanoma cells, melanogenesis and DOPAchrome tautomerase (DCT) activity were negatively correlated, suggesting that the treatment induces the metabolic pathway of dark eumelanin with a high protective capacity against UV rays. 4.4. Anticancer
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